Influences of the Afghani Culture Essay

Imagine living in a country which is completely different from Canada. The lifestyle of this country will be very different from what you are accustomed to. And the culture will be more different. There are many cultures around the world. Each culture has different beliefs and expectations. The lifestyles of people in these cultures are all influenced by the culture. Based on the novel, The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, the Afghani culture imposes restrictions on the characters in the novel, consequently resulting in a negative impact on their lives. The Afghani culture inflicts restrictions on relationships, career choices, and household activities. Relationships are an aspect of the characters lives which is restricted by the Afghani Culture. In the Afghani culture, people believe that people should only marry within their own status: â€Å"People scoffed that [he] would never marry well- after all, he was not of royal blood† (Hosseini 16). Thus, due to the cultural influence, marriages between others of a different status are often forbidden. Royalty only weds royalty, poor only weds poor, and people in merchant families only wed people in other merchant families. Henceforth, a negative impact is imposed upon the characters, Baba and Rahim Khan, as they are not allowed to marry whoever they want. Even if marriage with a person of lower status occurred, the spouse â€Å"‘would have suffered, [the] family would have never accepted them an equal. You don’t order someone to polish your shoes one day, then call them ‘sister’ [or ‘brother’] the next’† (Hosseini 105). Furthermore, the relationship between the two castes, the Hazaras and the Pashtuns, are influenced by the Afghani culture, as the Hazaras are considered a lower caste by the Pashtuns: â€Å"[T]he reason Pashtuns had oppresse[d] the Hazaras, was that Pashtuns were Sunni Muslims, while Hazaras were Shi’a† (Hosseini 9). The cultural belief of the Hazaras being an unworthy caste results in restrictions of relationships between the Hazaras and the Pashtuns. Many Hazaras are almost never able to have a positive relationship with Pashtuns, instead they â€Å"have often been persecuted for their distinctive ethnicity and religious beliefs† (â€Å"Hazara†). Therefore, negative consequences are imposed on the Hazaras as they are often faced with a high level of hatred and a low level of respect. In the novel, Ali and Hassan, father and son who are Hazaras, are frequently bullied and teased by many of the Pashtuns in the community. The career choices of the characters in the novel are limited due to the Afghani culture. In the Afghani culture, people believe that people will be more successful in the same career path as their family: â€Å"People were always doubting him. They told Baba that running a business wasn’t in his blood and [that] he should study law like his father† (Hosseini 16). Thus due to the cultural belief of following your family’s career path, people in this culture are often restricted from choosing a career of which they truly desire. If someone was to follow a specific career path which matched their interests but was completely different from the careers of their family, they will be often pressured into not following their dreams. Hence, a negative impact is imposed on people in these situations as they are not able to follow their dreams and do what they wish to do. Similarly, in the novel, Baba’s wishes to become a business man were discouraged and pinned down by his loved ones as it was not a similar career to rest of his family’s. Furthermore, due to the strong discrimination of Hazaras in the Afghani culture, Hazaras will always be servants and cooks: â€Å"What does he know, that illiterate Hazara? He’ll never be anything but a cook† (Hosseini 37). The discrimination in the Afghani culture restricts Hazaras from getting a job other than as a servant or a cook. They will be born into servant families and grow up to be servants and that is how it will always be. Following their dream career paths is restricted by the Afghani culture as they do not have a choice of what career they want. The negative impact, as a result of this cultural restriction, is that Hazaras are never going receive the opportunity of having a career other than a servant or cook. They are always going to be burdened with the fact that they are going to be servants and cooks and nothing else. In the novel, even though Hassan, who is a Hazara, had dreams of having a successful career, he has â€Å"accepted the fact that he’d grow old in that mud shack in the yard as a servant, the way his father had† (Hosseini 62), due to the cultural restrictions in the Afghani culture. Household activities are limited and very specific due to the Afghani culture. There are specific activities which are believed to be sins in the Afghani culture such as drinking because â€Å"Islam consider[s it] to be a terrible sin; those who dr[i]nk would answer for their sin on the day of Qiyamat; judgement day† (Hosseini, 17). The cultural belief of specific activities being sins restricts people from performing these activities. These activities do not only include drinking but other activities as well and therefore many activities are restricted. Therefore, a negative impact is imposed on the people of this culture as they are not able to do some activities, even though might want to. Even if someone was to go against the culture, they would have to do the activity in secrecy or face negative attitudes from everyone else. Additionally in the novel, Baba drank even though it was considered a cultural sin and he received many negative comments from the people surrounding him. Moreover, in the Afghani culture, there are specific guidelines on what food can be eaten and how it should be prepared; â€Å"Baba had hand-picked the sheep again this year†¦ The mullah recites the prayer†¦ The custom is to divide the meat in thirds†¦ The custom in to not let the sheep see the knife. Ali feeds the animal a cube of sugar – another custom to make death sweeter†¦ The mullah grabs it under its jaws and places the blade on its neck†¦ before he slices the throat in one expert motion† (Hosseini, 81). These guidelines restrict the people of this culture of eating specific food. All of their food must be a specific food prepared a specific way because â€Å"the common Islamic food prohibitions are respected in Afghanistan. For example meat is only eaten from animals that are slaughtered according to the Islamic law† (â€Å"Culture of Afghanistan†). Therefore they cannot eat all foods. They are negatively influenced by this cultural belief as they are not allowed to eat whatever they want. They must always make sure they are following the specific food prohibitions and therefore they are not able to try different foods. The Afghani culture imposes restrictions on relationships, career choices and household activities. Overall, many negative impacts of the characters in the novel, The Kite Runner, have occurred as a result of the restrictions placed upon them by the Afghani culture. Although the restrictive attributes of the Afghani culture has a negative impact on the people, it is those same attributes which make it unique from other cultures.

Overcoming Adhd

Overcoming my ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (also known as ADHD) is a common condition that affects children and adolescents, and can carry on to adulthood. ADHD is a problem with inattentiveness, over-activity, and impulsivity. Depression, lack of sleep, learning disabilities, tic disorders, and behavior problems may be confused with, or appear with, ADHD. I always had problems paying attention and focusing. I was always extremely hyperactive, always running around wanting to play with my friends and avoid homework.My parents recognized the behaviors I was showing, since both my brother and sister showed them at my age as well, and were both on medication for ADHD. When I turned 14, my parents took me to a psychiatrist to talk about my symptoms of ADHD and see if I was going to be prescribed medication. I wasn’t really sure what it was or how medication would help me with ADHD. When I went to the psychiatrist, she asked me a series of questions, like about my organizational skills, and about homework and grades.After I told her I had trouble getting homework completed, and I was really forgetful and not organized with my schoolwork, she diagnosed me of ADHD and prescribed me on Adderall. Since I’ve been taking adderall, my grades have improved greatly, and I’ve improved so much on focusing and being more organized. I also meet with my psychiatrist every three months to talk about my ADHD and if I think my medication is still effective. The symptoms of ADHD fall into three categories: lack of attention (inattentiveness), hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior (impulsivity).Some children show inattentive behaviors, while others (like me) show inattention and hyper behaviors, also called combined ADHD. Some inattentive symptoms include difficulty organizing or completing tasks, failing to pay close attention to details, and are easily distracted. Hyperactivity symptoms include being fidgety, unable to sit still, and disruptive towards other people. Symptoms of impulsivity include being impatient behaviors. The diagnosis of ADHD is based on very specific symptoms. Children should have at least 6 attention symptoms or 6 hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms, with some symptoms present before age 7.The symptoms must be severe enough to cause significant difficulties in many settings, including home, school, and in relationships with peers. The child should have an evaluation by a doctor if ADHD is suspected (which is why I went to a family psychiatrist). Sometimes an evaluation by a doctor might even include complete a developmental, mental, nutritional, physical, and psychosocial examination. Treatment of ADHD is between the parents, individual, and doctor, since there are various approaches towards treatment. Such approaches include behavioral therapy and medication.Whatever the therapy chosen, it is important that the individual makes sure they are following the treatment rules as planned. A lot of doctors d ebate over the proper use of treatment for ADHD since it is seen as a neurological and behavioral disorder. I believe that ADHD is a neurobiological disorder, and it’s symptoms of inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity is shown through behaviors. The first treatment I’m going to talk about is medication. I think medication is a great way to approach ADHD, since it is a neurological and behavioral disorder.

Concept of accountaibility & how it can be strengthened in world Essay

Concept of accountaibility & how it can be strengthened in world pilitics - Essay Example Individuals who are in positions of power that affect world politics should have a higher level of accountability than local politicians due to the possible ramifications. A need for strengthened accountability is needed in their volatile political atmosphere. By applying the need for increased accountability in organizations that influence world politics is important in many aspects. Without being held to task for what they are doing, there is a possibility of personal beliefs and unknown alliances to influence the results. If this occurs, there could be detrimental consequences for all of those involved. To explain how accountability is better used, a supranational organization will be examined by how accountability is used currently and how it could be better used. Supranational organization means that an organization is above one nation, either by the span of their operations or because of where the leaders are located. A great example of this is during the current conflict the United States government in attempts to save money and decrease troop levels began to hire private corporations to act as paramilitary forces in both Iraq and Afghanistan. One corporation that has been in the news off and on since the beginning of the United States involvement in Iraqi conflict was what is currently known as Academi. Academi has been previously known as Xe Services LLC, Blackwater USA, and Blackwater Worldwide. According to the United States government, Academi has provided private military security, diplomatic security, logistics, airlift, and transportation to the United States government. In addition to providing the national government, Academi has assisted state governments with security. (Burns, 2007) To make matters worse, those in control of Academi have contracts assisting foreign countries, such as Japan. (Shachtman, 2007) Due to their conduct, the country of Iraq has banned Academi

Houston, Texas. Three Ethnic Groups and Background Assignment

Houston, Texas. Three Ethnic Groups and Background - Assignment Example Only New York City and Washington, D.C. can claim that level of diversity in terms of different ethnic groups who call the city home. Before talking about how the educational system in the area deals with the multicultural makeup of the student body, it is helpful to first understand the importance of identifying the melting pot that Houston has become. Some estimates have upwards of 90 languages being spoken in the area, which is in itself considerable. More than just ethnic groups, however, the diversity in Houston can be seen in the various lifestyles that the people exhibit. Houston is considered to be one of the more liberal urban areas in Texas, even hosting a sizable gay pride parade. All of these various factors necessitate that educators in the area implement a pan to create a truly multicultural classroom and encourages intercultural communication (Nieto & Bode, 2012). That plan is the basis for this paper. Community Demographics Houston is home to almost every major ethnic group imaginable. From the countries of Asia, to the outer reaches of Africa, and most countries in Latin America, one is likely to encounter an individual from another ethnic group just by going about daily life. All of these various groups, naturally, have children in schools throughout the area. Some areas are more ethnic than others, creating an especially dire need for educators well versed in multicultural education. Houston, for example, has separate and distinct Chinatowns in different parts of the city. One area has such a high population of Vietnamese and Chinese residents that the street sings are dual language in order to provide deeper intercultural communication. Given Houston’s proximity to Mexico and other Southwestern states that have a high population of Latino residents, various areas of the city of heavily minority based. Individuals from Latin American have a distinct culture that contributes to the richness of Houston’s diversity, yet presents th e need for educators and citizens alike to be ready to understand and accept multiple ethnic groups within any one social setting. In any given classroom throughout the city, one is likely to find a mix of students from multiple ethnic and language groups. While it is true that many Latin American students share a common language, the rising percentage of Asian students in the community creates a unique problem of having multiple languages represented under one room. Whereas current ELL programs are historically focused on helping the Spanish speaker, for example, teacher’s are now needed to adding their methodologies to reach all students using the English language as the medium, while developing strategies to assist the multitude of language groups present in the city (Bobadilla, 2013). Three Ethnic Groups and Background Vietnamese Students Consider the many Vietnamese students I know around the Houston area. In order to better understand their particular needs in the class room, it is helpful to first comprehend the reality of their daily life. Vietnam is one of the poorest countries in Southeast Asia. In addition, the educational system in the country is considered substandard, when measured up against much of Asia, and indeed the West. So, students from Vietnam are often at a comparative disadvantage to other students on many fronts. First, they are adjusting to a culture that is entirely foreign to them. Whereas Houston has taken on many components of the Latino culture (thereby making Spanish speaking students fell a bit more at home), that luxury does not exist for the Vietnamese in our

Operation management exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operation management exam - Essay Example The main objective of the concept is to optimize from the production processes while reducing on wastage. The concept aims to reduce lead time and batch size and increase the throughput time. The implementation in company results to efficient running of the processes perfectly aligned to the quantity demanded. The history of the concept dates back in Japan where it was recognised as a means of production. The concept was initially known as the Toyota production system since it was practised in order to compete with the automobile industry in America as explained by Coyle, Bardi and Langley (2009). It was observed that in America, production was based on the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) however, the method could not work in Japan as the domestic demand was lower and there was demand for different models in small quantities. This led to the introduction of the concept that was based on elimination of waste resulting from inventory costs, processing time , transportation, time spent waiting and excess production. The implementation of concept saw the rise of the industry and realised more profits however the system needs employee participation and good management for it to yield benefits to the company. The JIT manufacturing system benefits a company in several ways the most important are the reduction of inventories. Customer relations improves as the company reduces the throughput time resulting to greater output and fast response to the customers demands and also minimizes the rates of defects leading satisfaction. There is reduced setup time that allows the company to eliminate the stock for change over time. The system simplifies inventory management as there is improved flow of goods from the warehouse. Schedules of working hours, production and supply are synchronized with the demand and optimal inventory amounts.

Technology Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Technology Assessment - Research Paper Example To align IT or IM with the organizational strategy in a health care is would call for determining the objectives of the management and to set the objectives of the technological system to move ahead in that direction. In any health care unit, generally the task for organizing the required technology of the unit is kept under the Chief Information Officer (CIO). This person is given the responsibility to develop a complete understanding of the different clinical information systems, its regulatory and the reporting requirements as well as the usage of this information in the strategic planning process and decision support. The CIO must attend all meetings and must have close associations with the fellow clinicians, the accountants, and complete staff unit and most importantly with the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the concerned health care organization. The CIO needs to understand the management structure in the organization in a proper way which has to be better than any other emp loyee as because he would be held responsible for the concerned designs, its implementation and the sustainability of IM/IT systems. As has been found in many reports both the clinicians and the end users usually want more as well as faster information. This has clearly become the most challenging and pressing need for the modern health care technology. A few years back the average life span of an individual used to be around 45 years of age. As time passed by and greater improvements were made in technology, especially in IT, there has been many improvements in improving the quality of health care. As said by Mr. Thomas Goetz, the executive editor of Wired and the author of the new book, â€Å"The Decision Tree: Taking Control of Your Health in the New Era of Personalized Medicine† (Lohr, 2010) the potential revolution witnessed in public health would be because of improvements in digital

Journalistic fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Journalistic fiction - Essay Example Truman Capote was a famous American writer of the 1960s, he is considered to be a representative of the classical American literature of the second half of the 20th century. He was one of the most significant and bright representatives of the Gothic style in the literature of that years, along with such well-known writers as Harper Lee, William Faulkner, Carson McCullers and Tennessee Williams. The main lines of in his work are considered to be - fiction and documentary. Which he that put together to create the complicated journalistic fiction out of these two already known styles. Summing up the author’s biography we can say that Truman Capote was a famous writer and a journalist who is also known as the ‘inventor’ of the ‘New Journalism’ – a new style of writing which combines the best features of journalism and literature which makes this phenomenon so special. Sometimes it could be called the Narrative journalism. Discussing the issue of th e unconventional frontier genres we should emphasize the actualization of the documentation, in particular, the journalistic articles which gains popularity at the end of the 20th century. Is such a novel a fixing of the bare facts or their interpretation, is this a factographic or belles-lettres work? There are correspondingly different views concerning who is the author of this novel - either he is an objective spectator and those who record the accurate data or he is an involuntary literary man who claims that the text is a kind of literature and the document is only the evidence. Here the novel which is based on the facts and the author who wrote appear to be in between these two descriptions. On the one hand, such novel is accused of its inaccuracy, so the novel cannot be treated as a document. On the other hand, they say that the journalistic fiction cannot aspire to the role of the high literature and mainly is focused on the

(Second Language acquisition) Data Collection Assignment requires Research Paper

(Second Language acquisition) Data Collection Assignment requires getting two language samples from second language learners - Research Paper Example However, in a bid to overcome barriers that could hinder one from acquiring new markets and opportunities, people have strived hard to beat all odds and perform feats previously considered impossible by their peers (Zaraysky 2009, 32). To understand the concept of second language acquisition, it is necessary to comprehend some factors that make a language harder to learn than another. The first of these factors is difference in grammatical structure of a language from another. Different languages have varied use of grammar. Whereas one language could demand that the verb comes before the subject, another could require that the subject comes before the verb. This causes initial confusion to the learner, slowing his pace and probability of grasping a new language. Second, a difference in pronunciation requirements of a language hinders one’s ability to articulate in speech a language he may have mastered its vocabulary. In addition, language learners are usually used to their lo cal accents and tone, and managing to cope with a foreign accent is sometimes nightmarish. Cultural differences between different language speakers influence their native language and the ease with which they can adapt to another cultural language (Blake 2008, 43). It is, therefore, important for a second language learner to understand the culture of the people he is learning their tongue. Aims and Objectives of the Research This inter-language data analysis aims at creating an understanding of differences between two sample languages. Upon gathering, analyzing and understanding these facts, there will be a clearer understanding of the difficulties one should expect while learning any of the two languages. In this case, German and English languages are compared and contrasted. Analysis of the languages is based on two samples of short essays (essay 1 and essay 2 available at the appendix). The objective of this comparison and contrast is to make learning the languages easy. Other th an the vocabulary aspect of the two languages, this research goes further to dissect each language in details and reveal their fine linguistic differences. Data pertaining to several aspects of the languages is a crucial facet of the research. Issues to do with pronunciation of English words against German language are considered at length. In addition, the research labors to find out grammatical differences between the two languages. The chief characteristic of this grammatical analysis is the order of verbs, subjects, nouns, pronouns and adjectives. Collected data is also used to create an awareness of the cultural differences, if any. It thereafter tries to offer solutions to the difficulties one observes in learning either English or German as a second language. Clearly, data collection and analysis of learning a second language will make the process of grasping German as a second language to a native English speaker easier. The research aims at lessening the time and effort one puts in learning a new lingo. By preparing one for the challenges to expect in learning a language and providing possible solutions to the hurdles, a learner is placed in a good position to learn fast. Data Collection Methods Methods used to collect data for this research was informed by several factors. It was necessary to put into consideration the data collection strategy, accuracy requirements of the research, skills of

Molecular and Genomic Analysis of Bacterial Pathogenicity Essay

Molecular and Genomic Analysis of Bacterial Pathogenicity - Essay Example So far, in genetic analysis the resolving power has been limited only by the refinement of techniques. In the type of recombination on which classical genetic analysis is based, these structures are the chromosomes and their linearly arranged elements. The latter are recognized as genes as a consequence of their specific activities in metabolism and development (Pontecorvo, 1958). Complete genome sequences are now available for multiple strains of several bacterial pathogens and comparative analysis of these sequences is providing important insights into the evolution of bacterial virulence. Recently, DNA microarray analysis of many strains of several pathogenic species has contributed to our understanding of bacterial diversity, evolution and pathogenesis (Fitzgerald & Musser, 2001). Comparative genomics has shown that pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori and Staphylococcus aurues contain extensive variation in gene content whereas Mycobacterium tuberculosis nucleotide divergence is very limited. Overall, these approaches are proving to be a powerful means of exploring bacterial diversity, and are providing an important framework for the analysis of the evolution of pathogenesis and the development of novel antimicrobial agents (Fitzgerald & Musser, 2001). It is of little relevance whether the agents of risk are organic or inorganic; their effects both relate to processes of 'contamination' and 'spreading'. They can both be understood as 'actors'. In the discourses that have brought viruses to our attention, pathogen motivation is of crucial importance. Viruses make us ill because they are replicating themselves; like waste, they are virulent objects of modernity. However, unlike waste, they 'take over' bits and pieces of our bodies because they are motivated by self-replication. That is, they borrow bits of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and ribosome from their hosts (Cann, 1997; Levine, 1992). Popular culture can indeed be seen as playing a crucial role in the social and symbolic organization of risk management; expositions of newly emergent pathogen virulence have fully embraced the technological culture of the risk society. However, our exploration would not be able to escape the ironic turning-inward if it would merely circulate on the plane of textual analysis. Therefore, we turn to more sociological explanations of infections and epidemics to argue that pathogen virulence is part of a wider network of actors (humans, animals, technologies, and spirits). Moreover, it allows us to understand the social in terms of a complex spatialization of body politics and biopolitics, in which pathogen virulence constitutes a particularly effective medium of both 'sense-making' and the management of body boundaries (Joel Cracraft, Michael M. Miyamoto, 1991). Bacterial Pathogenesis Molecular Mechanisms De Bary (1879) broad definition of symbiosis includes parasitism and disease, areas in which significant discoveries are being made. This has been most evident in bacterial pathogenesis. During the past decade, scientists have introduced innovative approaches and concepts from disciplines such as bacteriology,

What role has air-power played in warfare after 1945 Essay

What role has air-power played in warfare after 1945 - Essay Example However, in the event that the enemy proves stronger than anticipated, it uses airpower to carry out air offensives against the enemy. Airpower in this case refers to a military strategy that involves carrying out aerial bombardments from the air, which in most cases are done using fighter jets. Some of the wars that America has involved airpower include World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Serbian War and the Afghan War, just to name but a few. However, Corum (2007) claims that the use of airpower has been marred with controversy since 1945. In this regard, there are those that believe that airpower has helped in emerging victorious while there are critics who believe that airpower has been a failure in the U.S. warfare. The aim of this paper is to analyze the successes and failures of airpower based on case studies. Opinion is divided down the middle regarding the effectiveness of airpower in warfare. On one hand is a section of the society that believes that airpower has played a huge role in enhancing the success rates of the U.S. force in the wars it has fought in the past. On the other hand, are critics who feel that air power has not achieved any meaningful success in some of the wars that the U.S. has fought. The U.S. has fought, the U.S. military has been using airpower as a tactics of maintaining superiority by suppressing the enemy’s ability to fight. This was witnessed during the World War II in which the U.S. and its allies used airpower to gain superiority over their opponents (the German forces especially) through aerial bombardments. As a result, it became very hard for the German forces to mount strong resistance against the U.S. and its allies (Keegan 1990, p. 31). This enabled the allied forces win the war more easily than earlier anticipated. The events of WWII are one of the success stories of airpower in warfare. Apart from the success of Airpower in WWII, there exists other warfare where airpower has been successful. For instance, the use of airpower played a huge role in winning the Gulf War during Operation Desert Storm. The Desert Storm was a war against Iraq for its invasion of Kuwait. The war begun on August 2, 1990 and ended on February 28, 1991 with the U.S. and its allies emerging victorious. However, the success in winning this war has been linked mainly to the use of airpower. Momyer (2003, p. 5) reveals that the U.S. and its allies used airpower during the first days of intervention in the war to destroy Iraq’s air defense system, thereby allowing the allied forces to gain control of Iraq’s air before introducing the ground forces. The U.S. forces and its allied forces carried out massive bombardments from the air to gain control over Iraq’s airspace. In so doing, the allied forces also managed to capture all the Iraq government’s infrastructures before deploying the military to takel vantage positions. Momyer (2003) notes that the main aim of air attacks w as to pave way for the U.N. backed ground forces. In fact, reports show that after taking control of the air through aerial bombardments, the ground forces found it easy fighting the Iraqi forces as their major efforts was now devoted mainly to attacks against the communication lines that the Iraqi forces used. This was followed by assaults on the defense lines of the Iraq forces. In the end, the U.S. led forces emerged victorious in the war. Supporters of airpower have argued that without the use of airpower, the war would have taken the U.S. and allied forces more time to win than it actually took. This is because the Iraqi forces would have taken advantage of the air to attack the allied forces. Even though the airpower proved effective in winning the G

Classroom Observation and Reflection Paper Essay Example for Free

Classroom Observation and Reflection Paper Essay Curriculum Constr. and Assessment: Reading and Language Arts, I had the opportunity to not only observe but teach a lesson that I created for Mrs. Watsons Class at Little Rascals Daycare and Afterschool Program. Throughout this paper I will reflect on my lesson plan experience. First, I introduced the concept of letter blends to the students. I explained to the students that letter blends can be at the beginning, middle, or end of a word to make specific sounds. I then explained to the students that I was going to be teaching them beginning letter blends. I went n to explain to the students that since there were several beginning letter blends that I chose five to teach about In the lesson. The blends that I chose were dr, n, bl, gl, and Ch. I went over each beginning letter blend, demonstrated the sound each make and provided several examples for each letter blend for the students. Next, I gave the students an opportunity to participate In the lesson. I held up picture flashcards that had different objects on them. The students had to raise their hands and tell me what the object was and the letter blend for that object. I repeated this process until ach student in the class had a chance to participate. Once we finished, I answered any questions or concerns the student had. I noticed that the students were actively engaged in the lesson and seemed to have really enjoyed. Most of all they seemed to have understood the lesson with ease. Lastly, the students were given a cut and paste blending worksheet to complete. The worksheet had 1 5 different picture objects and letter blends on it. The students had to color (if they wanted to), cut, and paste the correct picture to its letter blend. Once the students finished the worksheet we went over it as a class. Again, I answered any last questions or concerns and wrapped up the lesson. In conclusion, this was my very first time teaching a lesson. I have done several lesson plans before but never had to actually teach them. I believe the lesson went pretty good. The teacher and the students were both very welcoming and provided positive feedback. Although the lesson went well, the one thing I would change if I had to do it all over again would be to pick two or three blends at a time to teach instead of all five. Sometimes when a lot of information is thrown at the students it makes it harder to understand.

Vaccines and Misinformation Surrounding Them

Vaccines and Misinformation Surrounding Them Celeste Clark An Argumentative Exploration into Vaccines and Misinformation Surrounding Them: TL;DR, Vaccination and Autism Have No Correlation Since the late 1990s, myths about the risk of a link between standard infant vaccination and those administered being autistic as a result, as well as general superstition or skepticism over the effectiveness and safety of vaccines, have been perpetuated and grown in popularity. So much so, that the president (at time of writing, Donald J. Trump) has questioned their safety, potentially putting millions of lives at risk. Vaccination is important for the health and well being of a community, as well as the human race, and should not be disputed. The belief in the chance of developing autism from vaccination is a harmful conviction to autistic people and children who dont get vaccinated because of their parents irrational fear that says, through their actions, I would rather my child die of a preventable disease than have a disorder. Especially in the current climate of alternative facts and conflicting information, it is imperative one should mold their beliefs to fit the facts, not m old the facts to fit their beliefs. Firstly, the positive (a double-meaning here of favorable and certain) effects of vaccination. On the authority of the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Although children continue to get several vaccines up to their second birthday, these vaccines do not overload the immune system. Every day, your healthy babys immune system successfully fights off millions of antigens-the parts of germs that cause the bodys immune system to respond. The antigens in vaccines come from weakened or killed germs so they cannot cause serious illness. Vaccines contain only a tiny amount of the antigens that your baby encounters every day, even if your child receives several vaccines in one day. People are usually vaccinated when they are very young, since their immune systems are weak and not well developed. At their young age, they have a higher risk of contracting and failing to successfully combat diseases they come in contact with. The process of developing and testing vaccines begins with a laboratory, continues with clinical trials, and ends with the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), who must approve a vaccine, its safety, and its effectiveness before its distribution and use in the United States. It is such a controlled and extensive process, it typically takes 10 to 15 years of research and testing before the vaccine is presented to, and approved or rejected by, the FDA. Vaccines, in their preventative nature, will likely seem to have a lack of effects to the person they are administered to-e.g., Person A gets vaccinated and nothing changes. Their life goes on as normal, and they do not notice that they have not come down with the disease that the vaccine counteracted. However, Person B was not vaccinated, gets the disease, and feels the full effects of what the vaccine silently prevented in Person A. For such a simple, quick procedure with a low-profile effect, its incredible the positive response it can have on an individual and a community. That, coupled with the fact almost all insurance covers it, makes it seem rather appalling more people fail to take advantage of it. An adverse event is, essentially, a coincidence; a health problem that occurs following vaccination that possibly could be induced by a vaccine. A side effect is a reaction shown to correlate to a vaccine by scientific studies and tests. The difference between adverse events and side effects is significant, especially in an argument as controversial and serious as this. It is important to recognise that personal anecdotes are not evidence. Adverse events reported to the VAERS (Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System) are not necessarily side effects caused by vaccination. Vaccines do not affect or alter genes in any way, and gene mutation is what most likely causes autism, stated here by the Autism Society, There is no known single cause for autism spectrum disorder, but it is generally accepted that it is caused by abnormalities in brain structure or function. Brain scans show differences in the shape and structure of the brain in children with autism compared to in neurotypical children. Researchers do not know the exact cause of autism but are investigating a number of theories, including the links among heredity, genetics and medical problems. In many families, there appears to be a pattern of autism or related disabilities, further supporting the theory that the disorder has a genetic basis. While no one gene has been identified as causing autism, researchers are searching for irregular segments of genetic code that children with autism may have inherited. Autism is a developmental disorder, a broad spectrum of different symptoms and traits, found in people of all races, genders, ages, etc. It is becoming more commonly diagnosed due to increased knowledge. It is not a disease, nor is it curable or caused by vaccines. This quote from the article Vaccines Dont Cause Autism, but Thats Not the Point by Leslie Waghorn explains the moral wrong of accusing vaccination of provoking autism, and how it affects autistic people: . . . The panel discussion being broadcast was teens and adults with autism and how federal funding could better support them. As the show closed, the moderator asked if anyone on the panel felt a vaccine had caused their autism. Silence. One teen panelist spoke up, no, but it hurts that you would ask that question. The moderators tone softened, he apologized and asked why. . . . As I recall his response was, because it makes me feel like Im damaged or broken, when Im not. I was born this way. My brain just works differently than most other peoples. When people talk about vaccines and autism it makes me feel like Im not a person but a bad result. It reminds me that no one wants a kid like me and parents will risk their kids lives and everyone elses just to make sure their kid doesnt turn out like me. Even if vaccines did cause autism, it isnt a death sentence. Vaccine-preventable diseases can be. Children are not better off dead than disabled. Sources Cited   Ã‚   Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999 Impact of Vaccines Universally Recommended for Children. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 02 May 2001. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Culp-Ressler, Tara. Massive New Study Provides The Best Proof Yet That Vaccines Dont Cause Autism. ThinkProgress. ThinkProgress, 22 Apr. 2015. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Ensuring the Safety of Vaccines in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health Human Services, Feb. 2013. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Evidence Vaccines Work. Northern Rivers Vaccination Supporters. N.p., June 2016. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. The Facts Behind Vaccine Safety. New York State. Department of Health, Feb. 2015. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Fine, Paul, Ken Eames, and David L. Heymann. Herd Immunity: A Rough Guide. Clinical Infectious Diseases 52.7 (2011): 911-16. Oxford Academic. Infectious Diseases Society of America, 01 Apr. 2011. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Five Important Reasons to Vaccinate Your Child. Vaccines.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. How Do Vaccines Work? HealthyChildren.org. American Academy of Pediatrics, 21 Nov. 2015. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. How Vaccines Work. Vaccineinformation.org. Immunization Action Coalition, 15 Aug. 2016. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Importance of Vaccines. Vaccineinformation.org. Immunization Action Coalition, 09 Nov. 2016. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Khalakdina, Asheena, Alejandro Costa, and Sylvie Briand. Smallpox in the Post-eradication Era. Weekly Epidemiological Record 91.20 (2016): 257-64. World Health Organization. WHO, 20 May 2016. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Making the Vaccine Decision. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 03 Aug. 2016. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. New Meta-analysis Confirms: No Association between Vaccines and Autism. Autism Speaks. Autism Speaks Inc., 19 May 2014. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Olson, Samantha. History Of Autism And Vaccines: How One Man Unraveled The Worlds Faith In Vaccinations. Medical Daily. IBT Media Inc., 23 July 2014. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Possible Side-effects from Vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 02 Dec. 2016. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Proof That the HPV Vaccine Works. HealthyWomen. National Womens Health Resource Center, Inc., 22 Feb. 2016. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Should Any Vaccines Be Required for Children? ProCon.org. N.p., 31 Jan. 2017. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Stern, Alexandra Minna, and Howard Markel. The History Of Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges. Health Affairs. Project HOPE, 01 May 2005. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Understanding How Vaccines Work. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health Human Services, Feb. 2013. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Understanding Risk. The History of Vaccines. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Vaccination Greatly Reduces Disease, Disability, Death and Inequity Worldwide. World Health Organization. WHO, Feb. 2008. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Vaccine Myths Debunked. Public Health. PublicHealth.org, 27 May 2016. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Vaccine Safety: Examine the Evidence. HealthyChildren.org. American Academy of Pediatrics, 26 Jan. 2017. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Vaccine Safety. ImmYounity. Sanofi Pasteur Inc., 03 Feb. 2015. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 23 Nov. 2015. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Vaccine Side Effects and Adverse Events. History of Vaccines. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 27 Jan. 2016. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Vaccines Work! Immunization Action Coalition. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4037.pdf>. Waghorn, Leslie. Vaccines Dont Cause Autism, But Thats Not the Point. The Scientific Parent. TheScientificParent.org, 07 Mar. 2016. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Whats in Vaccines. Vaccines.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 01 May 2014. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. What Causes Autism? My Child Without Limits. United Cerebral Palsy, n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. What Is Autism? | Causes. Autism Society. Autism Society, 15 July 2015. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Why Do People Think That Vaccines Can Cause Autism? Caresquad. Caresquad.com, LLC, n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Willingham, Emily, and Laura Helft. The Autism-Vaccine Myth. NOVA. Public Broadcasting Service, 05 Sept. 2014. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Willingham, Emily, and Laura Helft. What Is Herd Immunity? NOVA. Public Broadcasting Service, 05 Sept. 2014. Web. 20 Feb. 2017.

Nestlés Expansion into China | Analysis

Nestlà ©s Expansion into China | Analysis This paper is about the worlds largest and most famous food company Nestlà ©. If you read this paper, you will not only learn some history and management information about Nestlà ©, but you can also know how Nestlà © makes the decision to come to China and the specific process of development and getting success in Chinese market. This paper will mainly tell about four sections detailed for you. Besides, we will show you our group members thinking about Nestlà © in the conclusion. The followings are main information about four sections. Section I is about the history of Nestlà © Company. Henri Nestlà © found the company in Switzerland in the mid 1860s. Farine Lactà ©e Henri Nestlà ©, the name of Nestlà ©s first product, which saved a premature babys life and soon marketed in Europe. Then Nestlà © expands very quickly all over the world. In 1905, Nestlà © merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company and this is the beginning of Nestlà ©s expansion. Wars can always bring big changes into the world. World War II has greatly helped popularize Nescafe and Nescafe coffee became a kind of popular beverages for American servicemen. Nestlà © comes to China because of the large potential markets. Now, they have manufacturing factories in many cities in China. Section II is about where did Nestlà © expand and whether did the company expand elsewhere. Nestlà © is one of the largest food and beverage company in the world. It has abundant manufacturing facilities in almost the entire world. It is also about Nestlà © how to cultivate the relationship with Chinese government and citizen and make china become a good market for them. Because traditional Chinese didnt have the habit to drink coffee, Nestlà © have to cultivate Chinese the style of habit by advertisement and a variety of means. Nestlà © tried his best to break market barrier that he can integrated into Chinese market quickly. The Chairman of Nestlà © (China) who is called Mr. Dà ©cor vet thought that there are much difference between Chinese conceptualizes food and western food. So if Nestlà © wants to integrate into local market quickly, they must respect Chinese brands unique qualities. Section III is about the form that Nestlà © came into China. When Nestlà © first came into china in 1987, it chose Shuangcheng which is located in Heilongjiang province to develop itself. However, at that time, Nestlà © didnt have much power, so it chose partnership. In order to improve the level of training that was provided to the local farmers, Nestlà © decided to cooperate with the Shuangcheng government. After developing a long time, Nestlà © choose another partnership with Yinlu. Later, Nestlà © chose joint venture with Yinlu and Hsu Fu Chi to strengthen itself. Resulting from these two forms coming into China, Nestlà © has got a great popularity in all generations in China. Nestlà © makes many profits and it bring much benefit to Chinese at the same time. Section IV is about the organization structure taken by Nestlà © in coming to China. Nestlà © is very successful and it used a proper organizational structure. The matrix structure is efficient and effective. The structure is very flexible and can respond rapidly to the need for change. The key strategy taken by Nestlà © in coming to China is developing partnership. The strategy helps Nestlà © achieve great success in the market of China. Nestlà © develops quickly in China with not only partnership, but also with joint venture. Nestlà © also have four levels in hierarchy. The four parts are respectively, board of directors, executive board, honorary chairman and financial transactions. Nestlà © Company is a decentralized and aligned organization. There are typically three levels of management in organizations: top-level, middle-level, and first-level. Our group is made up of five persons who are Pauline, Serena, Quinn, Hathaway and Mike. Pauline is the leader of the group and she is responsible for the section III and the second question in the section IV. As the leader of the group, Pauline also writes the executive summary to totally introduce the whole paper. Quinn is responsible for the section I and the first question in the section II. Mike who is the only boy in our group is responsible for the remaining five questions in the section II. Serena and Hathaway are both responsible for the section IV. The former writes the front four questions except the second one and the latter introduces the eventual four questions. All of our group members write the conclusion together, because we feel that all of us should know what general content about our work is and we can finish the conclusion better with discussion. We decide this plan for the project, because Quinn as well as Mike is patient, so they are suitable for some detailed q uestions, such as history of Nestlà ©. Pauline is good at organizing and combining the information, so she write about the form Nestlà © came into China, which is connected to the current condition of Nestlà © in China. Serena and Hathaway can do a good job in researching, so they write the organization structure. In order to be fair, each group member writes about three to four big questions. Section I starts at page 3. Three sections left start respectively at page 6, 8 and 10. We all feel very happy to finish the paper in this way. We divide the research and information into six groups, which are four sections, a summary and a conclusion. In four sections, we beginning introduce the history of Nestlà © from which people can know the basic information about Nestlà ©. And then, we tell about the reasons for Nestlà © came to China and the form of Nestlà © came to China. The last section is about organization structure taken by Nestlà © that is deep-going content about Nestlà ©. After reading these four sections, people can know much about Nestlà © and how it goes in China. At last, we talk over each other and write the conclusion that expresses our further thinking and understanding about Nestlà ©. We also use the executive summary to tell reader the general information about our company and the arrangement of our paper. We all sincerely hope that readers will like our paper about Nestlà ©. Section I: History of  Nestlà © In the mid 1860s, Nestlà © was run in Switzerland by Henri Nestlà ©. At the very beginning, Nestlà © was found to help those mothers who have problems in breastfeeding babies. Henri realized the need for baby formulas and decided to create this kind of new products. He mixed cows milk, flour and sugar up to provide babies with necessary nutrition. Farine Lactà ©e Henri Nestlà © was the name of its first product. It saved a premature babys life and soon marketed in Europe. (English Tea Store, English Tea Store, , October 30, 2012) The Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, whose founders were Americans Charles and George Page, merged with Nestlà © after they had been fierce competitors for a long time. Finally, they formed the Nestlà © and Anglo-Swiss Milk Company together. (Nestlà ©, Nestlà ©, , October 27, 2012) Heiko Schipper, managing director of Nestlà © Food Beverage, Greater China region claimed that they were planning to increase their investment in China and treated coffee business as one of the key growth engines. (CHINADAILY, Li Fngfang, , October 27, 2012) Take coffee as an example. As we all know, Brazil is famous for coffee. At the outset, Nestlà © developed soluble coffee to help Brazilian farmers solve problems about hardship and crop waste. This is an early example of innovation and sustainable development for Nestlà © Company. (Nescafe, Nescafe, , October 30, 2012) Nestlà © expands into China because of the potential of markets in China. The Chinese coffee market has increased 15 percent annually during these years, far higher than the global average. Xiong Xiangru, secretary-general of the Yunnan Coffee Association, predicted that Chinas coffee consumption will reach 1 trillion Yuan annually in 10 years, and the mature market could be worth as much as 3 trillion Yuan by 2030. This may encourage Nestlà © to come to China to a great extent. (CHINADAILY, Li Fngfang, , October 30, 2012) In 1905   the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company merged with Nestlà © and this is Nestlà ©s first expansion. (Nestlà ©, Nestlà ©, , October 27, 2012) World War II has greatly helped popularize Nescafe. Before the war, initial launch of Nescafe was slow. Nescafe coffee became a very common beverage for American servicemen in Europe and Asia when USA entered the war. Coffee helps people relaxed and gives them energy when they feel tired. This kind of amazing beverage became popular very soon. (Nestlà ©, Nestlà ©, , October 27, 2012) In China, sales have grown around 20%, which shows the potential of developing economies. However, Nestlà © has been losing market share and this may be changed by purchasing. Take Pfizer as an example. Nestlà © bought Pfizer to be more competitive. Reports showed that about 85% of sales for Pfizers business came from developing economies and about one-third of the Pfizer units revenue is from China. The acquisition of Pfizers business which came at a premium price will go a long way to addressing that China problem by adding about $800 million in sales in that country people related said about that. (Msn MONEY, Jim J. Jubak,  , October 27, 2012) Nestlà © has many manufacturing factories oversea. It obeys all rules and standards, such as ISO 14001 (environmental management), OHSAS 18001 (occupational health and safety) and ISO 22000 (food safety management systems). The company controls all parts of manufacturing. That doesnt mean that we will not co-manufacture where there are advantages to doing so, such as speed to market or access to technology, McIntosh says, but we invariably find that we are much more cost-effective in-house than out-of-house. (FOOD PROCESSING, Bob Sperber, Plant Operations Editor, , October 30, 2012) Nestlà © set its first Chinese RD center in Shanghai in purpose to open Asian markets. We continue to invest in our RD capability in Asia, because we know this brings us closer to local consumers, and gives us a greater understanding of the raw materials used to make the products they enjoy, says Johannes Baensch, head of Nestlà ©s research and development division. (Tce, Richard Jansen, , October 30, 2012) Now Nestlà © has companies in many places, such as Guangdong, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Fujian, Anhui, Beijing, Sichuan and so on. It has been expanding steps by steps. (Food China net, Food China net, http://www.foodchinanet.com/supplier/Nestlà ©/>, October 28, 2012) Section II:  Nestlà © Expansion Roland Dà ©cor vet, the food giants China chief executive, said that in spite of facing its own economic slowdown, offers Nestlà © long-term growth opportunities. As now, middle class is playing more important roles in society and this definitely leads to increasing need for dairy products and on-the-go foods. China is a country with a large popularity and it can provide Nestlà © with larger markets they dont assume before. Hsu Fu Chi, a famous candy company, Nestlà © bought a 60% stake from it to bet on big growth in China. This can be powerful evidence that predicts China is a part of a bigger globalization strategy for Nestlà ©. The purpose of the company is to take more shares in Chinese markets and make its globalization conduct well. (THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, LAURIE BURKITT and JOHN REVILL, , October 30, 2012) Nestlà © is one of the largest food and beverage company in the world. There are more than 450 manufacturing facilities in over 80 countries and Nestlà © markets its products in 130 countries across the world. Nestlà © have planed to disease-resistant coffee plants to famers who are in many developing countries such as Mexico, Indonesia by private institutions because he wants to produce Raw materials and sell their product easily in these countries. In 60 countries, Nestlà © has more than 400 factories and employs abundant employees of local person. Nestlà © has expanded almost the entire world and it is a super company. (Facts and figures Nescafe Plan, Nestlà ©, page 1, November 8, 2012) As a transnational enterprise who has a long-term development plan, the most important development strategy for Nestlà © is to find the market which has development potential. In 1987 of the China, the tide of reform and opening up is slowly forward, society as a whole business environment is in a vigorous development of the embryonic stage. Because of its vast size, many Chinese provinces, and each district economy development is not balanced, protectionism, these elements for any foreign enterprise especially transnational enterprise, is a strong resistance. In order to cultivate the relationship with Chinese local government and citizen, Nestlà © constructed a new farming institute in Heilongjiang province. Nestlà © agreed to support technical assistance and train for local famers. Nestlà © want to get win-win by working with famers in this way. (Nestlà © leads dairy development in China with new training institute, Nestlà ©, , November 8, 2012) For Nestlà © who has rich experience, how to break the market barrier and integrate into local market is very important. Nescafe knew that if he wants to root in china firmly, he must consider how to seek the economic benefits to the local people and win their favor in order to solve the problem of Nescafe that it can have milk enough, Nestlà © sent a team of experts from Europe. Not only did it establish a collection network and acquisition system to encourage farmers enthusiasm, but also he taught farmers about dairy technology and milking technology. This is a very difficult thing at that time and it is also more difficult than training a qualified engineer for Nestlà ©. In this way, not only did Nestlà © solve the problem of raw materials supplement, but also it provided a stable daily income for local farmers, there are many farmers and their families living have been fundamentally improved due to its help. The development of ways that could assist the local economic develo pment and help farmers to improve the income which got the Chinese government high approval, meanwhile it helped Nescafe win a good social image. (Nestlà ©s management of dairy supply chain in China, Nestlà ©, , November 8, 2012) Chinas coffees consumption is few at that time, so Nescafe had the problems of supplement at the beginning. Traditional Chinese didnt have the habit to drink coffee. With natural, healthy concept winning the support among the people, tea beverage grows steadily in china. Nestlà ©s opponent is not the coffee sugar , but Chinese traditional tea. When Nescafes instant coffee was introduced to China, Nescafe planed to cultivate the Chinese habit of drinking coffee by advertisement and a variety of means in face of Chinese traditional tea drinking habits. It intended to attract a group of young to choose coffee by Propagandizing that drinking coffee is a kind of fashion, the trend, successfully, and then Nescafe coffee could increase his sales volume in the market. Nescafe admits that he has enough patience to cultivate market and improve product quality. At the same time, in order to suit ones measures to local conditions, Nestlà © designed promotional strategy that minimized the SP ac tivity, and turn to advertising and public relations, to establish long-term consumption preference. For example, in Shanghai, Nescafe Company is enthusiast to support university community activities, such as theatrical festival land English corner. The company is also willing to make special subject report in University and give company information and culture to students. (The Nestlà © People Development Review, Nestlà ©, page 37, November 8, 2012) Mr. Dà ©cor vet who is Chairman of Nestlà © (China) thought that the Chinese conceptualize food and westerns have much difference, and Nestlà © must respect Chinese brands unique qualities and learn from them in order that company can integrate into local market quickly. He also thought that they need to teach farmers about dairy technology and milking technology because it can help them to cultivate the relationship with local government and Resident. (CELBS, June, , November 8, 2012) Section III:  Nestlà © in China When Nestlà © first came into china in 1987, it chose Shuangcheng which is located in Heilongjiang province to develop itself. However, at that time, Nestlà © didnt have much power, so it chose partnership. In order to improve the level of training that was provided to the local farmers, Nestlà © decided to cooperate with the Shuangcheng government. In this way, Nestlà © could make much progress and improve its service and the quality of products, which can attract more consumers. They all knew that good training can improve peoples overall quality which plays an important role in team work. Considering that local farmers lacked money, Nestlà © provided economic assistance for them and distributed many free milking machines to them. Due to this help, local farmers didnt need to manufacture dairy products with hand, which improved the efficiencies and effectiveness. This measure really did well to local farmers and improved the speed and quality of producing dairy products. Nestl à © made much effort to develop the rural area during years, and the company has also provided credit guarantees to farmers which ensure the potential to grow farmers businesses. Therefore, local farmers were all full of energy to expand dairy products and were confident that they can make success. The partnership work between Nestlà © and Shuangcheng government is called Creating Shared Value, which tried to make profits for the companys shareholders and those communities where it operates at the same time. During decades, Nestlà © has made Shuangcheng play the important role in the dairy districts. (Nestlà © leads dairy development in China with new training institute, Nestlà ©, , October 30, 2012f) After cooperating with Shuangcheng government, Nestlà © has made many profits, and it also helped the local city develop a lot. Nestlà © didnt want to stop there, so it looked for another target and finally chose another partnership with a Chinese family-owned firm Yinlu. As Yinlu has a long history in China, it has already got a good reputation. Moreover, Yinlu established a significant market for ready-to-drink peanut milk as well as canned rice porridge in China. Nestlà © wanted to combine its technology with Yinlus reputation to make much progress. Therefore, Nestlà © declared that it had taken some stake in Yinlu. Considering that Yinlu is a co-manufacturer for ready-to-drink Nescafe coffee in China, Nestlà © has decided to cooperate with it and achieved successful achievement with Yinlu before this agreement. The CEO of Nestlà © considered that the partnership between two companies would bring healthy, affordable and tasty products to all consumers in China. Of course, th e foregoing goal must be based not only on Yinlus entrepreneurship, product expertise, and consumer understanding, but also on Nestlà ©s innovation and renovation capabilities. The chairman Chen of Yinlu thought that the partnership represents a very significant landmark which is in Yinlus long-standing aspiration to be a typical and favorite brand for customers. As Nestlà © comes into China over twenty years and cooperates with local companies in China, it operates 23 factories and employs 14,000 people, which really do well for Chinese. (Nestlà © to enter partnership with Chinese food company Yinlu, Nestlà ©, , October 30, 2012) However, partnership was not the only option of Nestlà © to come into China. As Nestlà © develops many years in China, it chose partnership at first and then it expanded for joint venture. Nestlà © uses two RD units in Xiamen and Dongguan to support its joint ventures with Chinese food companies Yinlu and Hsu Fu Chi. Moreover, the unit in Xiamen will specialize in ready-to-drink beverages and will support Yinlu. Hsu Fu Chi is a famous snack-selling company in China, and it enjoys the large popularity among all ages in China. Therefore, Nestlà © and Hsu Fu Chi had got much benefit from the joint venture. Two companies looked forward to the long-term cooperation. Head of RD in Nestlà © thought that Nestlà © would continue to invest in their RD because of this program bringing them closer to local consumers who are very important for their future market. The investment in Xiamen and Dongguan reflects its long-term commitment to improve nutrition and food science in China. The join t venture helps Nestlà © become more popular among Chinese and now almost every young person knows the watchword of Nestlà © which says Good Food, Good Life. (Nestlà © strengthens research and development capability in China, Nestlà ©, , October 30, 2012) Nestlà © makes the decision that it chooses partnership and joint venture to come into China, and these decisions are based on some considerable factors. China has a large amount of persons and its economy wasnt developed fast in 1980s. As this current condition in China, Nestlà © decided to expand its investment and development. Therefore, Nestlà © decided to exploit this potential market. However, at that time, Chinese couldnt be used to and accept Nestlà ©s products. In this way, Nestlà © chose partnership and joint venture, from which it can be easily accepted by local Chinese and it can improve its technology and taste of products. Nestlà © believed that its partnership and joint venture would get success. Whats more, Nestlà © will go further in China. (Cereal partners worldwide transcript, Nestlà ©, page 3, October 30, 2012) Section IV: Organization Structure in China The strategy is the most important contingency. The key strategy taken by Nestlà © in coming to China is developing partnership. In order to create supply chains, Nestlà © has built great infrastructure through the China. Through these years, Nestlà © in China has developed partnership with many brands, including 6 China famous brands, 1 strong regional brand. Besides, it has developed leadership in 11 categories. Nestlà © Company focuses on 3 platforms. All of platforms have clear strengths and expertise. Each of platforms has planned explicit strategies. Key accounts of Nestlà © Dry Grocery are few key distributors. Yinlu and Ready-to-drink coffee are high point of sales coverage, and distribute mostly to lower-tier cities. The direct distribution of Hsu Fu Chi is pick mix and impulse model. (Our partnerships have enhanced Nestlà ©s capability, Nestlà ©, page 10, October 29, 2012) Besides, the human resources are also the most important contingency. Today, across the country, there are 21 factories and Nestlà ©s employs around China are 13,000 people. Every day, its coffee, bouillon, milk and ice cream products are distributed in China, which are its best-sellers. Nestlà ©s will also employ 1,500 workers to meet the goals that that have settled for 2013. Nestlà ©s human assets are one of the most important characteristics that differentiate it in the marketplace. Identifying, recruiting, and retaining top talent across its company are only the beginnings of the story. Human resources teams of Nestlà © cultivate its culture through employee learning and foster its sustained growth by ensuring employee passion is directed to help deliver on business goals. (Nestlà © China hires 1,500 for new bouillon factory, Xieli Lee, Singapore, , October 29, 2012) Yes, I think it is organized in the best way. The partnerships have drastically changed the capabilities of Nestlà ©s with Yinlu, Hsu Fu Chi and so on. Human resources of Nestlà © in China cultivate culture through employee learning and foster sustained growth by ensuring employee passion is directed to help deliver on business goals. As a tycoon in the field of food, Nestlà © has an all-round system and uses part of job characteristics to manage its employees. Nestlà © applies good compliance to help it earn trust with its employees, consumers, investors and governments. Nestlà © opened Nestlà © Business Services Africa in Accra, Ghana. Result from Nestlà ©s compliance and reasonable arrangement, NBS will get support from employees from many countries with some activities such as invoice payment and payroll. All employees who are under these thoughtful arrangements try their best to use all kinds of skills to make contributions to Nestlà ©, no matter in manufacturing or purchasing, which reflects skill variety. Furthermore, Nestlà © makes a project concerning health and safety regimes in all countries, and these countries make many operations. Nestlà © also pay much attention to protection of the health and welfare of employees and contractors. Therefore, employees can focus on the task, and be responsibl e for whole of it, which reflects the task identity. (Nestlà © annual report 2011, Nestlà ©, , October 29, 2012) The CEO of Nestlà © (China) said that Nestlà ©s manufacturing mission in China is to produce advanced, world class quality dairy products for all generations in China. Above all, the quality and safety of products are non-negotiable. In order to get this goal, all employees are committed to it, which reflects task significance. They set direct relationship with local farmers and make a unique dairy collection model. Besides, they make the world-class production and processing, and apply the latest technology and safety standards. All of these actions are based on their attention to task significance. (Nestlà ©s management of dairy supply chain in China, Nestlà ©, ,) October 30, 2012 As a manger of Nestlà © Company, in order to increase the number of tasks for a given job to reduce boredom, he can increase motivation by asking employees to do more sound counter-intuitive. The job can be enlarged. In order to increase the degree of responsibility a worker has over a job and increase workers involvement. A manager can divided employees into departments. When workers typically specialize in one area and the manager instead pitch in wherever their help is needed, the job can be enriched. At last, active management of the enrichment and enlargement process will achieve the greatest return. The job of a manager can be enlarged and enriched. Nestlà © Company uses a matrix structure. The organizational structure groups people and resources by function and product. Each employee has two bosses- functional manager and product manager. The structure is very flexible and can respond rapidly to the need for change. As we can see, Nestlà ©s Company as a decentralized organization allows its subordinate organizations to enjoy a relatively high-level of autonomy. It makes major strategy decisions at the headquarter level, and daily operations are left up to subordinate organizations to derive and implement. (Organizational Chart Nestlà © TheOfficialBoard, Theofficialboard, , October 29, 2012) Some other organizational structures are greater efficiency or effectiveness. Firstly, I think the move to a product team structure can lead to greater efficiency or effectiveness. The members are permanently assigned to the team and empowered to bring a product to market. The great strength of a product team structure is that this structure avoids two people with two different ideas, since people always take different opinions on the same issue and it may sometimes cause a lot of conflicts. The weaknesses of matrix structure the Nestlà © in China uses is that it demands functional and product team bosses. So the product team structure solves the problem efficiency. A product team structure, with one manager in charge of the entire process, generally reduces a d cut down the conflicts between managers. The team remains focused on the product rollout, with the manager removing obstacles from the staff members path. Besides, a functional organization which is included in a product group can share information about its particular discipline. Whats more, cross-fu nctional team is composed of a group of managers from different, so all of the members have a chance to grow within their functional area. Each employ can take more managerial roles and play the better role in a product team. In this way, staff members work together, chasing for the same goal and finishing the same product, and the job can be done quite well. Secondly, I think the move to a Hybrid structure can lead to greater efficiency or effectiveness. The structure of a large organization that has many divisions a simultaneously uses many different organizational structures. Manager can choose the best structure that can lead to the company more effective and efficient. There are many structures, like functional structure, geographic structure and so on. As the worlds biggest food company, the factories and markets of Nestlà © are settled up the entire world. In China, there have been 21 factories now. Different areas have different situations. So the company should divide different structures for each city in China. The ability to break a large organization into smaller units makes it easier to manage. For an example, in Chinas local market, Yihaodian, has grown rapidly and built up an amazing supply chain network in a short time. As the largest B2C online supermarket in China, it won the title of the most popular mall and the most popular food beverage mall of the year at 2011-2012 the second China top retail network selection list award this year in Beijing. As the new chain, if Nestlà © just use the same structure of Hsu Fu Chi or Yinlu, the chain may be not work well. So it is important to choose the best structure for each of the special chain. Whats more, as the worlds biggest food company, there are many challenges. The company need have the ability to adjust each structure for each chain when meet some emergencies and choose the best structure to meet challenges. In my opinion, the move to a Hybrid structure can lead to greater efficiency or effectiveness.

Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers

In Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Pit and the Pendulum'; and “The Masque of the Red Death';, the author uses different symbolism to illustrate the image of death. In both of these stories, death is the final result of a punishment, the end of a human’s life. However, in the first story, Poe shows us that there exists something in human ‘s life that is more terrible than death. And in the second story, Poe tells us that death is inevitable and it is useless if you try to escape it. From the beginning of “The Pit and the Pendulum';, Poe starts to show us the desperation and the terror the narrator feels in the prison. He is alone and lost, he can’t see anything and hear any voice. It makes him feel hopeless and scared. The complete dark pit where the Inquisition shuts the narrator up creates an atmosphere of death and fear. The fact that the pit is an abyss makes the readers think of death. In addition, the ceiling of the prison where a huge pendulum with a scythe hangs shows that the narrator’s life is in danger. The image of death becomes clearer when the narrator finds out that the pendulum is in motion. “But what mainly disturbed me was the idea that it had perceptibly descended. I now observed- with what horror it is needless to say- that its neither extremity was formed of a crescent…';(68). Death becomes impossible to prevent in this case. Especially when the pendulum keeps going down. As Poe describes, “Down- still unc easingly- still inevitably down! I gasped and struggled at each vibration…';(70) However, when we all wait to see the end, the narrator is saved by the rats. This unexpected change gives us a message that life is full of unexpected and we can never lose hope. But a more unimaginable thing happens right after the escape from the pendulum. The prison (the pit) becomes hot like a heated iron. Moreover, “ a richer tint of crimson diffused itself over the pictured horrors of blood'; (72) Here, we can make a connection between blood and death easily. Once again, the narrator ‘s life is in menace. Fortunately, the narrator is saved at the last minute, but the terror and the fear he feels during that period seems more terrific than death. In fact, Poe shows us compare to the affliction the narrator suffers in the pit, death becomes a relief. Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers In Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Pit and the Pendulum'; and “The Masque of the Red Death';, the author uses different symbolism to illustrate the image of death. In both of these stories, death is the final result of a punishment, the end of a human’s life. However, in the first story, Poe shows us that there exists something in human ‘s life that is more terrible than death. And in the second story, Poe tells us that death is inevitable and it is useless if you try to escape it. From the beginning of “The Pit and the Pendulum';, Poe starts to show us the desperation and the terror the narrator feels in the prison. He is alone and lost, he can’t see anything and hear any voice. It makes him feel hopeless and scared. The complete dark pit where the Inquisition shuts the narrator up creates an atmosphere of death and fear. The fact that the pit is an abyss makes the readers think of death. In addition, the ceiling of the prison where a huge pendulum with a scythe hangs shows that the narrator’s life is in danger. The image of death becomes clearer when the narrator finds out that the pendulum is in motion. “But what mainly disturbed me was the idea that it had perceptibly descended. I now observed- with what horror it is needless to say- that its neither extremity was formed of a crescent…';(68). Death becomes impossible to prevent in this case. Especially when the pendulum keeps going down. As Poe describes, “Down- still unc easingly- still inevitably down! I gasped and struggled at each vibration…';(70) However, when we all wait to see the end, the narrator is saved by the rats. This unexpected change gives us a message that life is full of unexpected and we can never lose hope. But a more unimaginable thing happens right after the escape from the pendulum. The prison (the pit) becomes hot like a heated iron. Moreover, “ a richer tint of crimson diffused itself over the pictured horrors of blood'; (72) Here, we can make a connection between blood and death easily. Once again, the narrator ‘s life is in menace. Fortunately, the narrator is saved at the last minute, but the terror and the fear he feels during that period seems more terrific than death. In fact, Poe shows us compare to the affliction the narrator suffers in the pit, death becomes a relief.

Rebellion in Two Kinds by Amy Tan Essay -- Two Kinds Essays

Two Kinds In this story â€Å"Two kinds† by Amy Tan it shows the great expectations of a mother, who wishes for her child to be famous and a genius. The mother coming from a society that is very hard working and obedient trying to instill the upbringing she had I her life. The child Jing-mei is a typical example of a child rebelling against their mothers wishes no matter how hard the parental figure tries, the child wishes to perform things in their own way and use their own freewill and to do things in there own timely fashion. The mother moves to America after much heartache in China. She has lost everything as quoted â€Å"she had come here in 1949 after losing everything in China: her mother and father, her family home, her first husband, and two daughters, twin baby girls.† (pg 1218). She begins a new life in America raising Jing-mei how every parent raises their own child to become the best they can. She believes that moving to America that anything can be accomplished and uses Jing-mei to live that life through by making her watch certain television show. Shows that portray how famous people act and to see how child prodigies perform in front of audiences. Always testing her child with quizzes that became very hard as quoted â€Å" The tests got harder-multiplying numbers in my head, finding the queen of hearts in a deck of cards, trying to stand on my head without using my hands, predicting the daily Temperatures in Los Angelas, New York, and London.† (pg 1219). Afterwards the mother trades maid services for piano lessons and puts more pressure on Jing-mei to be this great child prodigy that will be very famous. Like any parent they have high expectations of their child or children to live a great life that is equally t... ...uld. They have been the one to comfort us when the world seemed to turn evil. They have been the one to love us when we needed it the most, by the end of the story the outlook on the pressures take a different turn. Jing-mei has matured from a girl into a woman and as a peace of offering, her mother offers to give her the piano the main object of adversity between the two of them. This offers her the realization that she has become herself on her own terms, even with all of this hardship. She also learns that with everything her mother pushed on her or made her do it was out of love to make Jing-mei have a better and more satisfying life than the one her mother had to go through. Works Cited Tan, Amy â€Å"Two Kinds† In The Harbrace Anthology of Literature. Fourth Edition. Edited by Jon C. Stott et al. Canada: Thomson Nelson, 2006 pg 1015-22

The Persian Gulf War :: History Iraq Middle East Papers

The Persian Gulf War War was inevitable in the Gulf and it was a war in which Iraq was inevitability to lose. There were several reasons why this was and became a reality. How, when, where did this process of self destruction begin? It was quite evident that Saddam Hussein. the president of Iraq, was becoming a military giant in the Middle East and therefore a threat to the stability of the entire region. His war with Iran was proof of this. The U.S. and other industrialized Western nations could not risk the loss of oil from the area. Kuwait is the second largest source of petroleum in the Middle East and so Iraqi invasion of Kuwait sent the world oil market into a frenzy. Iraqi forces then gathered their forces on the border with Saudi Arabia, the second largest supplier of oil in the world. This in turn brought the military might of the United States into the conflict. There are several reasons why Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. "After the 8 year war with Iran over territorial disputes and religious rivalries between the Iranian Shiites and Iraqi Sunni factions, Iraq had a massive debt to many Arab nations including Kuwait."2 The rulers of these nations wanted some of their money back but Iraq thought they were ingrates and were ungrateful for defending the Arab emirs from the Iranian Islamic fundamentalism. The Arab emirs were afraid that the Islamic fundamentalists would rise against the government and eventually take over the government as they had Iran against the Shah. Kuwait was also afraid of this and so they supported the Iraqi Arabs against the Iranian Persians. 2"Iraq",World Book (New York, World Book, 1990), Vol 10, p. 260 The funds that Gulf countries lent to Iraq were used to buy high tech weapons, high tech weapons that made Iraq one of the largest armies in the world and a force to contend with. "Ironically much of the money and weapons came from the countries that united to fight against him."1 The Gulf countries bankrolled him while the Western nations, who had many defense contractors going out of business because of the end of the Cold War, supplied him with the weapons to fight Iran and later Kuwait and the Coalition. With a large army like his, it would be very easy to defeat the far smaller Kuwaiti army compared to his. 1CNN The Gulf War (Video) (Atlanta, CNN News, 75 min.

Attendance Monitoring System for Sydney Hotel

Chapter 2 Methodology In order to come with good and quality software for the Sydney Hotel, the researchers had undergone into systematic and appropriate stages. Each stage that the researchers choose to venture is surely supplementary to the outcome of the study. Rapid Application Development Model On the other hand, the proponent made use of the RAD (Rapid Application Development) as their methodology. RAD (Rapid Application Development) is a development lifecycle designed to give much faster development and higher-quality results than those achieved with the traditional lifecycle.RAD is used by the researchers to develop a high quality system that can both meet the needs of the customers and the call of versatility of the model that can adopt with the changes of the real world requirements. The study will only cover up to the 3rd phase of the model excluding the Implementation or the Deployment Stage since this study is restricted for deployment. 2. 1 Requirements Planning/ Concep t Definition Phase In this phase, the proponents gathered information in the form of interview with the help of the Sydney Hotel manager Mr.Elmar Fabiala. Though he was busy to accommodate the request for an interview, he asked Mr. Erwin Genotiva, IT Head, to entertain the queries of the researchers. The interview that happened last January 12, 2013 and January 15, 2013 was conducted upon the availability of the interviewee. After gathering data, the researchers brainstormed and summarized the given information and had identified the requirements of the system to be built. The study will only focus on the attendance monitoring system of the hotel and not the system of the hotel as a whole.In order for the proponents to come up with the best output, the researchers also conducted an actual intervention/ observation on the hotel. This was to observe how the current attendance monitoring system of the hotel behaves. Through this activity the researchers were able to determine the input and output needs of the system. The main purpose of this research is to provide solution to the hotel’s state of dilemma with regards to their attendance monitoring system by developing a stand alone ttendance monitoring system. 2. 2 User Design/ Functional Design Phase The researchers will make use of the Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD), Context Diagram, and Data Flow Diagram (DFD) to chart the input, processes, and output of the business function in a structured graphical form. These diagrams will help the researchers to conceptualize the necessities in making the proposed attendance monitoring system for the Sydney Hotel. 2. 3 Construction/ Development StageIn this stage the researchers will utilize the information being collected from the first two phases to model the actual attendance monitoring system. They have also worked with the users, to design the outputs that satisfy the needs of the hotel. During this stage the researchers prefer to use VB. Net as their progr amming language in order to create a good form and screen designs. The recommended system design was highly patterned upon the needs of the company itself. The researchers will make a GUI (Graphical User Interface) out of the given resources.

Whitings Model

The motor skill example I am going to explain for each model is catching a ball in netball; there are 8 elements to Whiting’s model. The first element is the input data from display, the process which occurs in this element the player notices the display which is the environment and surroundings. The netball player would notice the ball, his teammates, opponents and spectators. This information will stimulate the sensory systems. The next element is the sense organs; the senses of vision, auditory and proprioception are used to gather information so the player is aware of what is happening around them.The player would visually see the ball and the direction of the ball, also the sense of hearing which is auditory would be used as the player would be hearing teammates talking and the coach giving instructions. The proprioceptors would be used such as touch, kinaesthetic and equilibrium to stimulate sensory receptors. The equilibrium would tell the performer whether he is balanc ed or in the right stance to be able to receive a catch. The next element is perceptual mechanisms; the information received by the sensory receptors is interpreted by making sense of the stimuli which is received.There is 3 concepts to this, firstly the detection phase where the brain identifies the stimulus present, then comparison phase which is once the stimulus is identifies, it is then compared to a similar stimuli that is stored in the schema. Lastly the recognition phase matches the stimulus to one which is stored in the memory and identified. The netball played would firstly interpret the speed of the ball and the trajectory of the ball coming to the player. Next in the translator mechanisms element, the information has been identified and interpreted so that the correct response can be put into action through the form of a motor programme.This is also the decision making phase as the movement identified leads to an action being chosen and being put in the correct order and where they will take place. The player would decide what position and stance to get into and the order of where these movements will take place. The next element is the effector mechanism where the motor programme is put into action by sending impulses via the nervous system to the muscles appropriate to the movement so the correct action can take place. The impulses would be sent to the player’s bicep and tricep brachii which would contract to get into the correct position to catch the ball.The perceptual, translator and effector mechanisms are all body boundary processes. The muscular system element is when the muscles which receive the impulses correspond and make the movements in the correct order of action. The example is the same for the effector mechanism where the impulse to the tricep and bicep brachii contract leading to the movement taking place. The output data is the end product itself so the netball player makes the catch or could drop the catch this then leads to the display changing and creates new information which is feedback after the motor programmes have taken place.Lastly the feedback data is received from intrinsic feedback which is internal sources such as proprioceptors which use the kinesthesis of the movement about whether it feels good. The other type is extrinsic feedback which is external sources such as teachers or coaches telling the player which are received by the auditory and visual systems, an example would be whether the catch felt good if the proprioceptors have a good feel for the movement.

Measure for Measure by William Shakespeare Essay

â€Å"I am always directed by you† – Mariana â€Å"I am directed by you† – Isabella. Both these lines are addressed to the Duke. What do they suggest about women status in this play? What other evidence can you find to support your view? Measure for Measure is a play written by William Shakespeare in the seventeenth century which crucially presents the role of women. Women were viewed as pure and were not expected to be promiscuous, but dependent on men with few options or choices. Shakespeare’s interpretation of women in Measure for Measure very much reflects society’s opinion of women at the time, where men had more freedom and should be given more respect than women. The society at that time was a patriarchal one, where a male was a considered a God like figure and ultimately the leader, and below him was the king and then the nobles. However, although the society gave men more rights than women, Measure for Measure demonstrates that men also had more responsibilities. This is shown through the situation with Claudio and Juliet, as although they are both equally to blame for Juliet’s pregnancy, it is Claudio facing the death penalty. The women of Measure for Measure are generally quite low in the ranks of importance and respect; they are not spoken of with any importance. Juliet is the object of Claudio’s sexual release and Mariana is the long lost forgotten fiancee of Angelo, who was abandoned by him when she lost her dowry in a shipwreck. The only woman who kind of breaks the trend of the lowly women is Isabella, who has the courage to stand up to Angelo for her chastity. In the first half she is pushed between Angelo and Claudio while she decides what to do and refuses to respond Angelo’s advances, then in the second half, she takes her orders from the Duke which shows that on the other hand she is still obedient toward the Duke, following all of his instructions. In Act V, Scene 1, the Duke shows his opinion of women when talking to Mariana, he says: â€Å"Why, you are nothing then: neither maid, widow nor wife†. According to the Duke’s point of view, the other woman who truly is free is Mistress Overdone as she earns her own money and is able to get some freedom; at least she doesn’t have to stay at home cooking. The main female character in Measure for Measure is Isabella; she represents a very pure female character. This is first seen at the start of the play by the fact that she is training to become a nun and by the strong Christian values she appears to have. This is then emphasized later when she is told her brother’s life will be saved if  she agrees to sleep with Angelo. She refuses this offer, placing her chastity and her Christian values above her own life. This illustrates that a woman’s purity is highly valued, while a woman being promiscuous is not accepted. Mariana is another female character in the play and she is quite different to Isabella. None of these three men, Angelo, Claudio or the Duke, seem to think that her CHOICE matters- her body is to be bargained for whether for lust, life or love. When the duke asks Mariana to allow him a private discussion with Isabella, she replies, â€Å"I am always bound to you†, as if she is speaking to an old friend. And again, when the duke tells her he respects her, she answers that she knows it and has found it to be true, suggesting a long-term relationship. This statement also shows that she is his subject. The adjective ‘bound’ means that she is obliged to do as he wishes and also compelled to do so. She uses the adverb ‘always’ to him which shows that she will always follow his example and will do his will in any condition. Her absolute trust is manifested when she agrees to entrust her chastity as the Friar asks. In the Jacobean society Shakespeare lived in, women would have always done as they were bid by order of men, but especially if the order was given by a man of religion. These words show the absolute compliance that the Duke is able to gain through becoming a disguise (pseudo-)friar. The Duke abuses this religious power to gain insight into people’s souls for his own ends. He knows that Angelo wishes Isabella to ‘give up the treasures’ of her body and uses the two women to gain more power over Angelo. The same applies to when Isabella says to the Duke, â€Å"I am directed by you†, this statement also shows how women respected men and how men were above in authority. As mentioned above, there are no independent women in Measure for Measure, this is not strange, considering the setting and Shakespeare’s own era; there are prostitutes and nuns who are given no chance to control their own lives most of all they seem to have no choice in any matter.

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay

And strength, courage and confidence she possessed. Forty-six years after Eleanor Roosevelt’s death yet she the former First Lady still remains an influential women in the world. She supported her husband’s political career. In fact, President Franklin Roosevelt often called his wife his â€Å"eyes and ears† (Bradgon, McCutchen, and Ritchie 776). Eleanor Roosevelt played a pivotal role in the Roosevelt administration especially when paralysis hit the president (776). She used this power to advocate for civil rights, especially for the women (Goodwin 1998). The was the first woman to become the voice of the ordinary people, she spoke in national conventions, held press conferences, lectured, and wrote a syndicated column (1998). She fought for the plight of the poor, the women, and the African Americans (777). She was a super woman, so to speak. Her fight for social justice was perhaps what Roosevelt is famed and revered for. She helped laid the cornerstone of the civil rights and women’s movement. It was her greatest achievement, one that the world will forever be grateful for. Eleanor Roosevelt was born October 11, 1884 to Elliott Roosevelt and Anna Hall (Caroli 2008). Although she came from an influential family (her uncle was Theodore Roosevelt), her life story did not start out smoothly (2008). Hers was what people would call a â€Å"dysfunctional family† (Tindall and Shi 1266). Her father was described was an alcoholic who got servant girl pregnant while her mother was said to be a â€Å"cold, self-absorbed socialite† (Tindall and Shi 1266). Despite this, Eleanor loved her parents deeply. However, tragedy struck the family. By age ten, both her parents died and Eleanor, together with her brother, was brought to be raised by relatives (Caroli 2008). Eleanor’s other brother had died a year before (2008). Eleanor was extremely close to her father and his death deeply affected the young girl (2008). The siblings were brought to their grandmother Mary Hall to become their guardian (Black 2008). An introvert, Eleanor was sent to Allenswood, a girls’ boarding school by age 15 (Caroli 2008). Under the wing of Mademoiselle Marie Souvestre, Eleanor’s intellectual curiosity was awakened. Souvestre was a confident woman who was a staunch believer in the liberal causes (Black 2008). In Eleanor’s three years at Allenswood, she forged friendship not just with Souvestre but with young girls her age; she learned language, literature and history; expressed her opinions on political events; and discovered Europe in summers (2008). She was, to say the least, transformed into a â€Å"tall, willowy, outgoing woman† (Tindall and Shi 1266). In 1902, Eleanor went back to New York for her â€Å"coming out† into society (Caroli 2008). Following her family’s tradition, she immersed herself into social responsibilities, enlisting with the National Consumers League and the Junior League for the Promotion of Settlement Movements (Black 2008). She also volunteered to teach at the College Settlement on Rivington Street (2008). Her endeavors soon reached the attention of the New York reform group (2008). One summer, on a train ride to Tivoli, she bumped into her fifth cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Black 2008). A secret courtship began and on November 22, 1903, the two became engaged (2008). The two were different. Eleanor was often described as a serious person, someone of â€Å"high ideals and principles† while Franklin was a confident man, who grew with love and affection from his family (Tindall and Shi 1267). Franklin’s mother, Sara was against the relationship and tried in vain to separate the two. On March 17, 1905, Eleanor and Franklin were married in New York (2008). The wedding, wherein President Theodore Roosevelt gave the bride away, was on the front page of the New York Times (2008). In a span of 10 years, Eleanor gave birth to six children, one of whom died after birth (Caroli 2008). In 1911, Franklin won a seat in the New York senate and the family relocated to Albany (Black 2008). Eleanor looked forward to moving out, especially since in their old home, her mother-in-law was constantly breathing down her neck. She was said to comment that the move ignited her desire to become independent and be an individual (2008). As Franklin started to carve his political career, Eleanor took on the role of a political wife- gracing formal parties and â€Å"making social calls† (2008). When World War I broke in 1917, Eleanor found herself returning to volunteer work. She spent her free time helping the Navy- Marine Corps Relief Society and the Red Cross (Caroli 2008). Her unwavering commitment opened another door in her life- that of being able to be of service to others. For some time, she was in the shadow of her political husband. The War ignited her desire to pursue other plans outside her husband. It helped boost her confidence. Ruby Black, Eleanor’s friend, once commented that the war became her first work â€Å"outside her family† (Black 2008). But this awakening of sorts was dampened when Eleanor found that her husband was involved romantically with another woman, Lucy Mercer. Mercer was Eleanor’s social secretary (Caroli 2008). This caused a dent in the couple’s relationship and Eleanor suggested to have a divorce, which Franklin refused (2008). Franklin ended the relationship with Mercer and tried to patch things with Eleanor. Though they continued on with the marriage, it was said that they remained affectionate but no longer intimate (2008). In 1921, Franklin fell ill with polio and was paralyzed (Tindall and Shi 1267). Despite what had happened in their relationship, Eleanor did not leave her husband. She helped him in his career, attending political gatherings and speaking on his behalf (1267). According to their daughter Anna, polio was instrumental in bringing their parents together (1267). While Eleanor supported her husband, she started to carve her own name. She became active with the Women’s Trade Union League and the Democratic Party of the New York state (Caroli 2008). As Chair of the League of Women Voters Legislative Affairs Committee, Eleanor read the Congressional Record, talked with members of Congress and the State Assembly and presented a report on a monthly basis (Black 2008). She was especially interested in non-legislative issues like primary reform, voter registration and party identification (2008). Eleanor also wrote for the Women’s Democratic News (2008). Three years after, Eleanor was part of a group whose purpose was to inform women on participating in political and social issues. As board member of the bi-partisan Women’s City Club, Eleanor led the City Planning Department, tackling issues such as housing and transportation, child labor, and the distribution of birth control information on married people (Black 2008). She also taught at a school (2008). When Franklin was elected governor, Eleanor divided her time equally, ensuring that she pursued her personal interest and that of being a governor’s wife. When the Governor’s inner circle had disagreements with Eleanor’s League of Women Voters, Eleanor acted as arbitrator (Black 2008). Her political grace, no doubt, was shaping up. Following Franklin’s successful crack at the presidential election, the now First Lady continued with her passion. With her own staff, Eleanor carried on with her causes. She had press conferences with women correspondents, something she was keen on. She also talked to her husband about employing women in his cabinet (Tindall and Shi 1268). In fact, she backed the successful appointment of France Perkins as Secretary of Labor (Caroli 2008). Like the First Lady, Perkins was an advocate of minimum wage and maximum hour laws, child-labor restrictions and other reforms (Bradgon, McCutchen, and Ritchie 776). Eleanor was not afraid to speak her mind, even if it meant carping on her husband’s plan regarding unemployment insurance (Caroli 2008). In 1936, she started her own daily syndicated newspaper column â€Å"My Day† (2008). This was her channel for expressions her opinion publicly. While some greeted her write-up with criticisms, many people admired her for taking interest in their plight. She often tackled child welfare, racial minorities, housing reform and women equality (2008). Following her husband’s death in 1945, President Harry Truman her to the US delegation in the United Nations (UN) (Caroli 2008). She was responsible for the drafting and adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) (2008). The UDHR was approved on Dec. 10, 1948 at a U. N meeting in Paris, for which the former First Lady received a standing ovation from the delegates (Gardner 1988). The UDHR is deemed the touchstone of human rights (1988). It is also used to measure the performance of UN entities and NGOs (1988). Likewise, the UDHR continued to serve as inspiration for other human rights treaties in Europe and Latin American (1988). Based on the American Bill or Rights, the British Magna Carta, and the French Declaration of the Rights of the Man, the UDHD comprises a preamble and 30 articles on basic rights and freedoms (1988). When John F. Kennedy became president, she appointed Eleanor as chair of the Commission on the Status of Women (Caroli 2008). She continued to work and fought for the underprivileged. Even at her age, Eleanor travelled the globe to conduct meetings with world leaders (2008). She also did not stop writing books and articles. In 1962, she contacted a rare form of tuberculosis and succumbed. She was buried at Hyde Park. Works Cited Black, Allida. â€Å"Anna Eleanor Roosevelt. † The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. Jan. 31, 2008. May 7, 2008 < http://www. gwu. edu/~erpapers/>. Bragdon, Henry, Samuel McCutchen and Donald Ritchie. History of a Free Nation. Ohio: McGraw-Hill, 1996. Caroli, Betty. â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt. † Britannica. com. 2008. May 7, 2008 . Gardner, Richard. â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt’s Legacy: Human Rights. † Dec. 10, 1988. May 7, 2008 . Goodwin, Doris. â€Å"Leaders and Revolutionaries. † TIME. com April 13, 1998. May 7, 2008 . Lewis, Jone. â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt Quotes. † Womenhistory. about. com 2008 May 7, 2008 . Tindall, George and David Shi. America A Narrative History 5th ed. USA:W. W. Norton and Company, 1999.